Country | Military deaths | Civilian deaths | Jewish deaths | Total deaths |
Germany  | 5.533.000 | 900.000 | 160.000 | 6.593.000 |
German population The 1939 Population is for Germany within 1937 borders Not included in the German population are Austria and the 7,292,000 ethnic Germans of eastern Europe . However, the 601,000 military deaths of ethnic Germans from Eastern and Western Europe and 261,000 Austrians are included with total German military losses. Total German war dead A demographic study by a German academic estimated 6.9 million additional deaths directly due to the war, for the population within the 1937 borders.There were additional deaths of the ethnic Germans in Eastern Europe. A recent study by Dr. Rüdiger Overmans found 538,000 military deaths of ethnic Germans who were conscripted by Germany in Eastern Europe6. The number of war related civilian deaths among the ethnic Germans from Eastern European countries is disputed. An analysis by the West German government in 1958 estimated civilian deaths among theethnic Germans from Eastern Europe countries at 886,000.However, a more recent study by the German government archives estimated total civilian deaths directly caused by the war among the ethnic Germans from Eastern European countries at about 200,000. German military casualties Dr. Rüdiger Overmans, an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office until 2004, provided an official reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical analysis of German military personnel records. The Overmans research project was supported and funded by the German government. The study found that the statistics collected by German military during the war were incomplete and did not provide an accurate accounting of casualties. The research by Overmans concluded that German military dead and missing were 5,318,0000.6, not including an additional 215,000 Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany . Overmans includes 344,000 deaths that were previously listed as civilian losses in eastern Europe and 230,000 deaths of paramilitary, Volkssturm and police forces fighting with the regular forces . Military losses by theatre Overmans lists the following losses- Africa 16,066 ; the Balkans 103,693 ; Northern Europe 30,165 ; Western Europe until 12/31/44- 339,957 ; Italy 150,660; against the U.S.S.R. until 12/31/44- 2,742,909 ; final battles in Germany during 1945- 1,230,045 ; other (including air war in Germany & at sea) 245,561 ; confirmed deaths of POWs in captivity 459,475 - Grand Total 5,318,000. Military losses by country of origin Overmans lists deaths of 4,456,000 men from pre-war Germany(1937 borders) and the Free City of Danzig, 261,000 from Austria, 534,000 ethnic Germans conscripted in eastern Europe, 30,000 French (mostly men conscripted in Alsace-Lorraine), and 37,000 volunteers from western Europe. In addition to these losses the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht reported the losses of Soviet citizens serving in the German military separately, these losses were not included in the Overmans analysis of German casualties.A Russian source, G. I. Krivosheev reported these losses as 215,000. In this schedule they are included with German military war dead. Military losses by branch of service Overmans lists losses by branch as: Army-4,202,030; Air Force-432,706; Navy-138,429; Waffen SS – 313,749; Volkssturm – 77,726;Other Paramilitary and support forces- 153,891- Grand Total – 5,318,531. Military prisoners of war and missing Overmans Includes in the total of 5,318,000 war dead 2,008,000 men that are listed as missing in action or unaccounted for after the war and 459,000 prisoners of war who died in captivity.The details of these POW deaths by country that held them in custody are as follows: USSR 363,000; France 34,000; USA 22,000; UK 21,000; Yugoslavia 11,000; other nations 8,0006,286Dr. Rüdiger Overmans believes that "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the missing were killed in action, the other half however in fact died in Soviet custody"Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the War. German civilian casualties during the war German civilian deaths during the war and Holocaust victims totaled about 865,000 including: 360–370,000 killed by Strategic bombing within the 1937 German boundaries 125,000 civilians were killed in the Battle of Berlin.The German government reported that 300,000 Germans were victims of Nazi political, racial and religious persecution (including 160,000 German Jews and 15,000 Roma people). In addition there were 70,273 German victims of the Action T4 euthanasia program. German civilian casualties-due to expulsions and forced labor in the Soviet Union Civilian deaths due to the expulsion of Germans after World War II and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union are sometimes included with World War II Casualties. The figures for these losses are currently disputed. The following is a summary of the various estimates for German civilian deaths in Eastern Europe. In 1950 the West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0 million civilian deaths in the expulsions. At the same time German Red Cross began to investigate 2.8 million cases of persons reported cases of missing persons in the area of the expulsions.The first attempt to compute the losses was made in 1953 by the German scholar Gotthold Rhode who estimated civilian deaths in the expulsions at 3,140,000.These early estimates are no longer considered valid because subsequent investigations provided a revised accounting of the losses. A 1958 West German government demographic study estimated 2,225,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions, broken out as follows: Poland 1,607,000; Czechoslovakia 273,000; Yugoslavia 136,000; Rumania 101,000; Hungary 57,000; Baltic States 51,000.The figures from the 1958 German government statistical analysis as well as the report of the Schieder commission are often cited in English language sources dealing with the expulsions.In 2006 The German government reaffirmed its belief that 2 million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe.However, the German historian Ingo Harr believes that civilian losses in the expulsions have been overstated in Germany for decades for political reasons. Harr argues that Cold War political pressure influenced the findings of the Schieder commission and the 1958 West German government demographic study of Expulsion deaths.The German scholar Dr. Rüdiger Overmans believes that the statistical foundations of the 1958 West German government demographic report to be questionable and cannot be regarded as definitive.A recent analysis by a Polish scholar found that; Generally speaking, the German estimates…are not only highly arbitrary, but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses.He maintains that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of the ethnic Germans living in Poland prior to war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the expulsions. By 1965, the Suchdienst (search service) of the German churches was able to confirm 473,013 civilian deaths in eastern Europe, broken out as follows: Poland 367,392; Czechoslovakia 18,889; Other countries 86,735. There were an additional 1,905,991 unconfirmed cases of persons reported dead and missing. Dr.Rüdiger Overmans gave a summary of this unpublished data at a 1994 historical symposium in Poland. Overmans pointed out that the figures are incomplete and only a partial not an exact accounting of total deaths. Overmans believes that since there are only about 500,000 confirmed deaths of German civilians in eastern Europe, the balance being a demographic estimate, that new research on the number of expulsion deaths is needed. However, the German historian Ingo Harr believes that the Church Service records provide a more realistic view of the total deaths due to the expulsions. A 1974 study by the German government archives estimated a civilian death toll of about 600,000 Broken out as follows: Poland: c. 400,000(-Killed by Soviet forces and their Allies 120,000; dead during the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union 200,000; dead in transit camps or in transit during the expulsions 100,000.) Czechoslovakia 130,000- All killed by Soviet forces and their Allies. Yugoslavia- c. 80,000(-Killed by Soviet forces and their Allies 15-20,000; dead during the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union 4,500; dead in transit camps or in transit during the expulsions c.60,000). This report did not provide an estimate for ethnic German deaths in Rumania and Hungary.Dr. Rüdiger Overmans believes that the 1974 report is only a partial not a definitive accounting of total deaths in the expulsions.However, the German historian Ingo Harr believes the Archives study has provided a more realistic view of the total deaths due to the expulsions . A revised demographic analysis published in 1995, which has the support of the German government, estimated 2,020,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union broken out as follows: Poland 1,192,000; Czechoslovakia 220,000; Yugoslavia 106,000; Rumania 75,000; Hungary 84,000; Baltic States 33,000; USSR 310,000.The German government maintains that the figure of about 2 million deaths is correct because it includes additional post war deaths from hunger and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions. In 1996 a joint Czech-German Historical Commission determined that between 15,000 and 30,000 Germans perished in the expulsions based primarily upon death certificates issued by the Czechoslovak authorities in concentration camps and elsewhere. The commission found that the demographic estimates by the German government of 220,000 to 270,000 civilian deaths due to expulsions from Czechoslovakia were based on faulty data. They pointed out that recent studies have found military causalities were understated and that the GDR census of 1950 understated the number of Germans who were former residents of Czechoslovakia. Research by former ethnic Germans from Yugoslavia determined that 57,640 civilians perished after the war. Broken out as follows:-Killed by partisans 7,199; dead during the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union 1,994; dead in transit camps or in transit during the expulsions 48,447. In his 2000 study of German military casualties Dr. Rüdiger Overmans found 344,000 additional military deaths of Germans from the Former eastern territories of Germany and conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe. Overmans believes this will reduce the number of civilians previously listed as missing in the expulsions. A Polish journalist writing in the communist era maintained that the official German government report of 1958 overstated civilian losses because it listed persons as missing and presumed dead, but were actually living in the GDR, military war dead, victims of Nazi persecution and bi-lingual persons who were living in Eastern Europe but were no longer considered ethnic Germans in the census figures. This analysis estimated total German civilian deaths on Polish territory at about 600,000, mostly in the flight during the war, not due to the post war expulsions. There were additional post war famine deaths in occupied Germany of 250,000 .In Allied occupied the Germany shortage of food was an acute problem according to Alan S. Milward in 1946–47 the average kilocalorie intake per day was only 1,080, an amount insufficient for long-term health. Prior estimates made in the 1950s by German government A preliminary estimate of war dead made in 1949 by the West German government for the population only within the borders of 1937 Germany, was 3,250,000 military dead and missing plus 500,000 dead and 1,533,000 missing civilians. In 1956 these figures were revised by the West German government for losses only within the borders of 1937 Germany; 3,760,000 military dead and missing, 410,000 civilians killed by Strategic bombing, 20,000 civilians killed in ground fighting, 1,260,000 civilian refugees killed in the flight from the Former eastern territories of Germany and the expulsions from Poland.These figures did not include additional losses from Austria, 280,000 in the German military and 24,000 civilians; ethnic Germans from eastern Europe, 432,000 deaths in the German military and 886,000 ethnic German civilians killed in expulsions ; and 60,000 German military deaths of men conscripted in France and western Europe. Total 4,530,000 for entire German Armed Forces and 2,576,000 civilians. |
Switzerland  | - | 100 | - | 100 |
The Americans accidentally bombed Switzerland during the war causing civilian casualties.Losses of about 300 Swiss in the German Armed Forces are included with German casualties. |
Thailand  | 5.600 | 300 | - | 5.900 |
Military deaths in French-Thai War 1940–41, the Japanese invasion, and Burma Campaign 1942–1945. Civilian deaths caused by Allied bombing 1944–1945. Military deaths consists of 143 officers, 474 non-commissioned officers, 4942 other ranks, and 88 field policemen. Royal Thai Armed Forces Education Department Werner Gruhl believes that Thailand suffered "to a lesser extent" than other nations but did not provide exact figures for estimated losses. |
United Kingdom  | 382.700 | 67.100 | - | 449.800 |
The losses listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.Total military deaths were 383,677, including Newfoundland.The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.The losses of Newfoundland (1,000 military) are included in these figures but are listed separately on this schedule. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission maintains a Roll of Honour of those civilians under Crown Protection who died as a result of enemy actions in the Second World War. The names of 67.073 are commemorated in the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour. UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces which are the topic of the following BBC article.UK colonial forces included units from East Africa, West Africa, Ghana, the Caribbean, Malaya, Burma, Hong Kong, Jordan, Sudan, Malta and the Jewish Brigade The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a preliminary tally of war losses. This report listed the war deaths of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air Force (69,606); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (624); Merchant Navy (30,248); British Home Guard ( 1,206) and Civilians (60,595). The total still missing on 2/28/1946 was 6,244; Navy (340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (18); Merchant Navy (530); British Home Guard (0) and Civilians (0). These figures included the losses of Newfoundland and Southern Rhodesia. There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to "natural causes" which are not included in these figures. Deaths due to air and rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 British Home Guard. The deaths of civilians interned was unknown at that time.The preliminary 1945 data for colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,208, wounded 6,972 and POW 8,115. |
United States  | 416.800 | 1.700 | - | 418.500 |
Total U. S. military deaths in battle and from other causes were 416,837 The breakout by service is as follows, Army 318,274 ,Navy 62,614,Marine Corps 24,511 , United States Coast Guard 1,917 and United States Merchant Marine 9,521.79. Deaths in battle were 292,131 The breakout by service is as follows, Army 234, 874 78, Navy 36,950, Marine Corps 19,733 , United States Coast Guard 574. These losses were incurred during the period 12/1/41 until 12/31/46 including an additional 126 men in October 1941 when the USS Kearny and the USS Reuben James were attacked by U-Boats. The United States Army Air Forces losses, which are included in the Army total, were 52,173 deaths due to combat and 35,946 from non combat causes.U.S. Combat Dead by Theater of war - Europe-Atlantic 183,588; Army ground forces 141,088; United States Army Air Forces 36,461 and Navy/Coast Guard 6,039; Asia-Pacific 108,504; Army ground forces 41,592; United States Army Air Forces 15,694; Navy/Coast Guard 31,485; Marine Corps 19,733. Unidentified Theatres- Army. Included in combat deaths are 14,059 POWs, in Europe (1,124) and (12,935) in Asia. The details of U.S. casualties are listed online: The US Army. The U.S. Army Air Force. The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. The U.S. Merchant Marine. Civilian dead were 1,704 American civilians interned, by the Japanese(1,536) and in Europe (168), which are the subject of a U.S. Congressional Research Service report. Go to page CRS. During the Attack on Pearl Harbor 68 U.S. civilians were killed by friendly fire2 U.S. Civilians were killed in the attack on Howland Island in 1941 and 6 U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in 1945 by Japanese balloon bombs. The names of individual U.S. military personnel killed in World War II can be found at the U.S. National Archives website. The names of U.S. Merchant Mariners killed in World War II can be found at the USMM website. The names of the 6,043 US military personnel buried at sea, during World War II, are listed at {broken down as US Army 368; US Army Air Forces 33; USMC 1,042; US Navy 4,600}. The names of the 74,384 of the US personnel, who served in World War II, whose remains not recovered are listed at {Broken down as US Army 17,096; US Army Air Forces 20,683; USMC 3,119; US Navy 32,636; Civilians 850}. American Battle Monuments Commission website lists the names of 176,399 military and civilian war dead from World War II buried in ABMC cemeteries or listed on Walls of the Missing {ABMC Cemeteries have 93,238 buried and 78,979 MIA} A U.S. Department of Defense report puts in the total number of US World War II missing at 73,291. Examples of non combat casualties within the continental United States-not listed on the ABMC website-were the Port Chicago explosion where 320 were killed and the Women Airforce Service Pilots of whom 38 lost their lives. "Project Priam" website lists Pacific Allied/Axis recoveries from 1958 to 2007. |
Yugoslavia  | 446.000 | 514.000 | 67.000 | 1.027.000 |
The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954 that concluded that Yugoslav war related deaths were 1,067,000. The U.S. Bureau of the Census noted that the official Yugoslav government figure of 1.7 million war dead was overstated because it "was released soon after the war and was estimated without the benefit of a postwar census" A recent study by Vladimir Žerjavić estimates total war related deaths at 1,027,000. Military losses of 237,000 Yugoslav partisans and 209,000 Ustaše. Civilian dead of 581,000, including 57,000 Jews. Losses of the Yugoslav Republics were Bosnia 316,000; Serbia 273,000; Croatia 271,000; Slovenia 33,000; Montenegro 27,000; Macedonia 17,000; and killed abroad 80,000.Bogoljub Kočović a statistician, who is a Bosnian Serb by ethnic affiliation, calculated that the actual war losses were 1,014,000.The late Jozo Tomasevich , Professor Emeritus of Economics at San Francisco State University, believes that the calculations of Kočović and Žerjavić "seem to be free of bias, we can accept them as reliable". The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows: A.Military operations between the Germans, Italians and their Ustaše collaborators on one hand against the Yugoslav partisans and Chetniks. B.German forces, under express orders from Hitler, fought with a special vengeance against the Serbs, who were considered Untermensch .One of the worst massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre. C. Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants. All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale. At the end of the war Ustaše collaborators were killed during the Bleiburg massacre. D.The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political, religious or racial reasons. The most numerous victims were Serbs.The USHMM reports between 56,000 and 97,000 persons were killed at the Jasenovac concentration camp. However, Yad Vashem reports 600,000 deaths at Jasenovac.The genocide of Roma was 40,000 persons.Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 67,122. E.The reduced food supply caused famine and disease. F.Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties. The hardest hit localities were Podgorica, Leskovac, Zadar and Belgrade. G. The demographic losses due to a 335,000 reduction in the number of births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties. |
Totals | 22.581.600 | 32.244.100 | 5.752.400 | 62.478.100 |
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